Main Article Content
Abstract
Technology integration in education has been a topic of interest for many years. Among those technologies, chatbots have been used in many educational settings. However, the impact of chatbots on students' engagement and critical thinking in different learning contexts has not been fully explored. This study aimed to investigate the impact of chatbots in different learning contexts on student engagement and critical thinking. A literature review was conducted to examine the previous studies on using chatbots in different learning contexts and relevant theoretical frameworks on student engagement and critical thinking in online and blended learning contexts. This study's results revealed that chatbots could improve students' engagement in different learning contexts and support the development of critical thinking skills. However, the design and features of chatbots should be aligned with the learning context to achieve optimal results. This study fills a gap in the literature by providing insight into how chatbot-mediated instruction may vary in different learning contexts and its possible impact on student engagement and critical thinking. The findings of this study have implications for chatbot design and instruction in different learning contexts, and it could be considered a valuable reference for educators, instructional designers, and researchers.
Keywords
Article Details
References
- Abbas, N., Whitfield, J., Atwell, E., Bowman, H., Pickard, T., & Walker, A. (2022). Online chat and chatbots to enhance mature student engagement in higher education. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 1–19.
- Bowden, J. L.-H., Tickle, L., & Naumann, K. (2021). The four pillars of tertiary student engagement and success: A holistic measurement approach. Studies in Higher Education, 46(6), 1207–1224. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1672647
- Carrillo, C., & Flores, M. A. (2020). COVID-19 and teacher education: A literature review of online teaching and learning practices. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(4), 466–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1821184
- Castellanos-Reyes, D. (2020). 20 years of the community of inquiry framework. TechTrends, 64(4), 557–560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-020-00491-7
- Castro, R. (2019). Blended learning in higher education: Trends and capabilities. Education and Information Technologies, 24(4), 2523–2546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09886-3
- Chang, C.-Y., Hwang, G.-J., & Gau, M.-L. (2022). Promoting students’ learning achievement and self‐efficacy: A mobile chatbot approach for nursing training. British Journal of Educational Technology, 53(1), 171–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13158
- Chang, C.-Y., Kuo, S.-Y., & Hwang, G.-H. (2022). Chatbot-facilitated Nursing Education. Educational Technology & Society, 25(1), 15–27.
- Chen, Y., Jensen, S., Albert, L. J., Gupta, S., & Lee, T. (2022). Artificial Intelligence (AI) Student Assistants in the Classroom: Designing Chatbots to Support Student Success. Information Systems Frontiers, 1–22.
- Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 319–340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008
- Dwivedi, A., Dwivedi, P., Bobek, S., & Zabukovšek, S. S. (2019). Factors affecting students’ engagement with online content in blended learning. Kybernetes. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-10-2018-0559
- Dwyer, C. P., Hogan, M. J., & Stewart, I. (2014). An integrated critical thinking framework for the 21st century. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 12, 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2013.12.004
- Ebadi, S., & Amini, A. (2022). Examining the roles of social presence and human-likeness on Iranian EFL learners’ motivation using artificial intelligence technology: A case of CSIEC chatbot. Interactive Learning Environments, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2022.2096638
- Fearnley, M. R., & Amora, J. T. (2020). Learning Management System Adoption in Higher Education Using the Extended Technology Acceptance Model. IAFOR Journal of Education, 8(2), 89–106. https://doi.org/10.22492/ije.8.2.05
- Fidan, M., & Gencel, N. (2022). Supporting the Instructional Videos With Chatbot and Peer Feedback Mechanisms in Online Learning: The Effects on Learning Performance and Intrinsic Motivation. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 07356331221077901. https://doi.org/10.1177/07356331221077901
- Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (1999). Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: Computer conferencing in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 2(2–3), 87–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-7516(00)00016-6
- Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2001). Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education. American Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 7–23.
- Geng, S., Law, K. M., & Niu, B. (2019). Investigating self-directed learning and technology readiness in blending learning environment. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0147-0
- González-González, C. S., Muñoz-Cruz, V., Toledo-Delgado, P. A., & Nacimiento-García, E. (2023). Personalized Gamification for Learning: A Reactive Chatbot Architecture Proposal. Sensors, 23(1), 545. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010545
- He, W., & Zhao, L. (2020). Exploring undergraduates’ learning engagement via BYOD in the blended learning classroom (EULEBYODBLC). International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 10(2), 159–164. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2020.10.2.1356
- Hew, K. F., Huang, W., Du, J., & Jia, C. (2022). Using chatbots to support student goal setting and social presence in fully online activities: Learner engagement and perceptions. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 1–29.
- Holbrey, C. E. (2020). Kahoot! Using a game-based approach to blended learning to support effective learning environments and student engagement in traditional lecture theatres. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 29(2), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2020.1737568
- Huang, W., Hew, K. F., & Fryer, L. K. (2022). Chatbots for language learning—Are they really useful? A systematic review of chatbot‐supported language learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 38(1), 237–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12610
- Huang, W., Hew, K. F., & Gonda, D. E. (2019). Designing and evaluating three chatbot-enhanced activities for a flipped graduate course. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijmerr.8.5.813-818
- Hussain, S., Ameri Sianaki, O., & Ababneh, N. (2019). A survey on conversational agents/chatbots classification and design techniques. Workshops of the International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 946–956.
- Kim, N.-Y., Cha, Y., & Kim, H.-S. (2019). Future English learning: Chatbots and artificial intelligence. Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning, 22(3), 32–53.
- Kohnke, L. (2022). A qualitative exploration of student perspectives of chatbot use during emergency remote teaching. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 16(4), 475–488.
- Kuhail, M. A., Alturki, N., Alramlawi, S., & Alhejori, K. (2022). Interacting with educational chatbots: A systematic review. Education and Information Technologies, 1–46.
- Law, K. M., Geng, S., & Li, T. (2019). Student enrollment, motivation and learning performance in a blended learning environment: The mediating effects of social, teaching, and cognitive presence. Computers & Education, 136, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.02.021
- Lee, L.-K., Fung, Y.-C., Pun, Y.-W., Wong, K.-K., Yu, M. T.-Y., & Wu, N.-I. (2020). Using a multiplatform chatbot as an online tutor in a university course. 2020 International Symposium on Educational Technology (ISET), 53–56.
- Legris, P., Ingham, J., & Collerette, P. (2003). Why do people use information technology? A critical review of the technology acceptance model. Information & Management, 40(3), 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(01)00143-4
- Lim, J., & Richardson, J. C. (2021). Predictive effects of undergraduate students’ perceptions of social, cognitive, and teaching presence on affective learning outcomes according to disciplines. Computers & Education, 161, 104063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104063
- Mai, N. E. O. (2022). THE MERLIN PROJECT: MALAYSIAN STUDENTS’ACCEPTANCE OF AN AI CHATBOT IN THEIR LEARNING PROCESS. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 23(3), 31–48. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.1137122
- Martin, F., & Borup, J. (2022). Online learner engagement: Conceptual definitions, research themes, and supportive practices. Educational Psychologist, 57(3), 162–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2022.2089147
- Meyer von Wolff, R., Masuch, K., Hobert, S., & Schumann, M. (2019). What do you need today?-an empirical systematisation of application areas for chatbots at digital workplaces.
- Nadi, A. H., Hossain, S. F. A., Safin, M. A., Sofin, M. R., & Akhter, R. (2022). Discovering the Role of Artificial Intelligence in K12: The Future of Online Platforms. In Designing Effective Distance and Blended Learning Environments in K-12 (pp. 314–326). IGI Global.
- Nelson, M. J., Voithofer, R., & Cheng, S.-L. (2019). Mediating factors that influence the technology integration practices of teacher educators. Computers & Education, 128, 330–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.023
- Neto, A. J. M., & Fernandes, M. A. (2019). Chatbot and conversational analysis to promote collaborative learning in distance education. 2019 IEEE 19th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT), 2161, 324–326.
- Palasundram, K., Sharef, N. M., Nasharuddin, N., Kasmiran, K., & Azman, A. (2019). Sequence to sequence model performance for education chatbot. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET), 14(24), 56–68. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i24.12187
- Plantak Vukovac, D., Horvat, A., & Čižmešija, A. (2021). Usability and user experience of a chat application with integrated educational chatbot functionalities. International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, 216–229.
- Sahni, J. (2019). Does blended learning enhance student engagement? Evidence from higher education. Journal of E-Learning and Higher Education, 2019(2019), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.5171/2019.121518
- Shea, P., & Bidjerano, T. (2009). Community of inquiry as a theoretical framework to foster “epistemic engagement” and “cognitive presence” in online education. Computers & Education, 52(3), 543–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2008.10.007
- Smutny, P., & Schreiberova, P. (2020). Chatbots for learning: A review of educational chatbots for the Facebook Messenger. Computers & Education, 151, 103862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103862
- Snyder, L. G., & Snyder, M. J. (2008). Teaching critical thinking and problem solving skills. The Journal of Research in Business Education, 50(2), 90.
- Sreelakshmi, A. S., Abhinaya, S. B., Nair, A., & Nirmala, S. J. (2019). A question answering and quiz generation chatbot for education. 2019 Grace Hopper Celebration India (GHCI), 1–6.
- Studente, S., & Ellis, S. (2020). Enhancing the Online Student Experience Through Creating Learning Communities—The Benefits of Chatbots in Higher Education. In Tertiary Online Teaching and Learning (pp. 25–33). Springer.
- Subramaniam, N. K. (2019). Teaching & learning via chatbots with immersive and machine learning capabilities. Proceedings of the ICE 2019 Conference Proceedings, 145–156.
- Tondeur, J., Scherer, R., Baran, E., Siddiq, F., Valtonen, T., & Sointu, E. (2019). Teacher educators as gatekeepers: Preparing the next generation of teachers for technology integration in education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(3), 1189–1209. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12748
- Tran, O. T., & Luong, T. C. (2020). Understanding what the users say in chatbots: A case study for the Vietnamese language. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 87, 103322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2019.103322
- Tsvilodub, P., Chevalier, E., Klütz, V., Oberbeck, T., Sigetova, K., & Wollatz, F. (2023). Improving a Gamified Language Learning Chatbot Through AI and UX Boosting. The Learning Ideas Conference, 557–569.
- Wollny, S., Schneider, J., Di Mitri, D., Weidlich, J., Rittberger, M., & Drachsler, H. (2021). Are we there yet?-A systematic literature review on chatbots in education. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2021.654924
- Yang, S., & Evans, C. (2019). Opportunities and challenges in using AI chatbots in higher education. Proceedings of the 2019 3rd International Conference on Education and E-Learning, 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1145/3371647.3371659
- Zahour, O., Eddaoui, A., Ouchra, H., & Hourrane, O. (2020). A system for educational and vocational guidance in Morocco: Chatbot E-Orientation. Procedia Computer Science, 175, 554–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.07.079
References
Abbas, N., Whitfield, J., Atwell, E., Bowman, H., Pickard, T., & Walker, A. (2022). Online chat and chatbots to enhance mature student engagement in higher education. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 1–19.
Bowden, J. L.-H., Tickle, L., & Naumann, K. (2021). The four pillars of tertiary student engagement and success: A holistic measurement approach. Studies in Higher Education, 46(6), 1207–1224. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1672647
Carrillo, C., & Flores, M. A. (2020). COVID-19 and teacher education: A literature review of online teaching and learning practices. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(4), 466–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1821184
Castellanos-Reyes, D. (2020). 20 years of the community of inquiry framework. TechTrends, 64(4), 557–560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-020-00491-7
Castro, R. (2019). Blended learning in higher education: Trends and capabilities. Education and Information Technologies, 24(4), 2523–2546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09886-3
Chang, C.-Y., Hwang, G.-J., & Gau, M.-L. (2022). Promoting students’ learning achievement and self‐efficacy: A mobile chatbot approach for nursing training. British Journal of Educational Technology, 53(1), 171–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13158
Chang, C.-Y., Kuo, S.-Y., & Hwang, G.-H. (2022). Chatbot-facilitated Nursing Education. Educational Technology & Society, 25(1), 15–27.
Chen, Y., Jensen, S., Albert, L. J., Gupta, S., & Lee, T. (2022). Artificial Intelligence (AI) Student Assistants in the Classroom: Designing Chatbots to Support Student Success. Information Systems Frontiers, 1–22.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 319–340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008
Dwivedi, A., Dwivedi, P., Bobek, S., & Zabukovšek, S. S. (2019). Factors affecting students’ engagement with online content in blended learning. Kybernetes. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-10-2018-0559
Dwyer, C. P., Hogan, M. J., & Stewart, I. (2014). An integrated critical thinking framework for the 21st century. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 12, 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2013.12.004
Ebadi, S., & Amini, A. (2022). Examining the roles of social presence and human-likeness on Iranian EFL learners’ motivation using artificial intelligence technology: A case of CSIEC chatbot. Interactive Learning Environments, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2022.2096638
Fearnley, M. R., & Amora, J. T. (2020). Learning Management System Adoption in Higher Education Using the Extended Technology Acceptance Model. IAFOR Journal of Education, 8(2), 89–106. https://doi.org/10.22492/ije.8.2.05
Fidan, M., & Gencel, N. (2022). Supporting the Instructional Videos With Chatbot and Peer Feedback Mechanisms in Online Learning: The Effects on Learning Performance and Intrinsic Motivation. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 07356331221077901. https://doi.org/10.1177/07356331221077901
Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (1999). Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: Computer conferencing in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 2(2–3), 87–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-7516(00)00016-6
Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2001). Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education. American Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 7–23.
Geng, S., Law, K. M., & Niu, B. (2019). Investigating self-directed learning and technology readiness in blending learning environment. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0147-0
González-González, C. S., Muñoz-Cruz, V., Toledo-Delgado, P. A., & Nacimiento-García, E. (2023). Personalized Gamification for Learning: A Reactive Chatbot Architecture Proposal. Sensors, 23(1), 545. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010545
He, W., & Zhao, L. (2020). Exploring undergraduates’ learning engagement via BYOD in the blended learning classroom (EULEBYODBLC). International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 10(2), 159–164. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2020.10.2.1356
Hew, K. F., Huang, W., Du, J., & Jia, C. (2022). Using chatbots to support student goal setting and social presence in fully online activities: Learner engagement and perceptions. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 1–29.
Holbrey, C. E. (2020). Kahoot! Using a game-based approach to blended learning to support effective learning environments and student engagement in traditional lecture theatres. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 29(2), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2020.1737568
Huang, W., Hew, K. F., & Fryer, L. K. (2022). Chatbots for language learning—Are they really useful? A systematic review of chatbot‐supported language learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 38(1), 237–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12610
Huang, W., Hew, K. F., & Gonda, D. E. (2019). Designing and evaluating three chatbot-enhanced activities for a flipped graduate course. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijmerr.8.5.813-818
Hussain, S., Ameri Sianaki, O., & Ababneh, N. (2019). A survey on conversational agents/chatbots classification and design techniques. Workshops of the International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 946–956.
Kim, N.-Y., Cha, Y., & Kim, H.-S. (2019). Future English learning: Chatbots and artificial intelligence. Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning, 22(3), 32–53.
Kohnke, L. (2022). A qualitative exploration of student perspectives of chatbot use during emergency remote teaching. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 16(4), 475–488.
Kuhail, M. A., Alturki, N., Alramlawi, S., & Alhejori, K. (2022). Interacting with educational chatbots: A systematic review. Education and Information Technologies, 1–46.
Law, K. M., Geng, S., & Li, T. (2019). Student enrollment, motivation and learning performance in a blended learning environment: The mediating effects of social, teaching, and cognitive presence. Computers & Education, 136, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.02.021
Lee, L.-K., Fung, Y.-C., Pun, Y.-W., Wong, K.-K., Yu, M. T.-Y., & Wu, N.-I. (2020). Using a multiplatform chatbot as an online tutor in a university course. 2020 International Symposium on Educational Technology (ISET), 53–56.
Legris, P., Ingham, J., & Collerette, P. (2003). Why do people use information technology? A critical review of the technology acceptance model. Information & Management, 40(3), 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(01)00143-4
Lim, J., & Richardson, J. C. (2021). Predictive effects of undergraduate students’ perceptions of social, cognitive, and teaching presence on affective learning outcomes according to disciplines. Computers & Education, 161, 104063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104063
Mai, N. E. O. (2022). THE MERLIN PROJECT: MALAYSIAN STUDENTS’ACCEPTANCE OF AN AI CHATBOT IN THEIR LEARNING PROCESS. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 23(3), 31–48. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.1137122
Martin, F., & Borup, J. (2022). Online learner engagement: Conceptual definitions, research themes, and supportive practices. Educational Psychologist, 57(3), 162–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2022.2089147
Meyer von Wolff, R., Masuch, K., Hobert, S., & Schumann, M. (2019). What do you need today?-an empirical systematisation of application areas for chatbots at digital workplaces.
Nadi, A. H., Hossain, S. F. A., Safin, M. A., Sofin, M. R., & Akhter, R. (2022). Discovering the Role of Artificial Intelligence in K12: The Future of Online Platforms. In Designing Effective Distance and Blended Learning Environments in K-12 (pp. 314–326). IGI Global.
Nelson, M. J., Voithofer, R., & Cheng, S.-L. (2019). Mediating factors that influence the technology integration practices of teacher educators. Computers & Education, 128, 330–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.023
Neto, A. J. M., & Fernandes, M. A. (2019). Chatbot and conversational analysis to promote collaborative learning in distance education. 2019 IEEE 19th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT), 2161, 324–326.
Palasundram, K., Sharef, N. M., Nasharuddin, N., Kasmiran, K., & Azman, A. (2019). Sequence to sequence model performance for education chatbot. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET), 14(24), 56–68. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i24.12187
Plantak Vukovac, D., Horvat, A., & Čižmešija, A. (2021). Usability and user experience of a chat application with integrated educational chatbot functionalities. International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, 216–229.
Sahni, J. (2019). Does blended learning enhance student engagement? Evidence from higher education. Journal of E-Learning and Higher Education, 2019(2019), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.5171/2019.121518
Shea, P., & Bidjerano, T. (2009). Community of inquiry as a theoretical framework to foster “epistemic engagement” and “cognitive presence” in online education. Computers & Education, 52(3), 543–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2008.10.007
Smutny, P., & Schreiberova, P. (2020). Chatbots for learning: A review of educational chatbots for the Facebook Messenger. Computers & Education, 151, 103862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103862
Snyder, L. G., & Snyder, M. J. (2008). Teaching critical thinking and problem solving skills. The Journal of Research in Business Education, 50(2), 90.
Sreelakshmi, A. S., Abhinaya, S. B., Nair, A., & Nirmala, S. J. (2019). A question answering and quiz generation chatbot for education. 2019 Grace Hopper Celebration India (GHCI), 1–6.
Studente, S., & Ellis, S. (2020). Enhancing the Online Student Experience Through Creating Learning Communities—The Benefits of Chatbots in Higher Education. In Tertiary Online Teaching and Learning (pp. 25–33). Springer.
Subramaniam, N. K. (2019). Teaching & learning via chatbots with immersive and machine learning capabilities. Proceedings of the ICE 2019 Conference Proceedings, 145–156.
Tondeur, J., Scherer, R., Baran, E., Siddiq, F., Valtonen, T., & Sointu, E. (2019). Teacher educators as gatekeepers: Preparing the next generation of teachers for technology integration in education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(3), 1189–1209. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12748
Tran, O. T., & Luong, T. C. (2020). Understanding what the users say in chatbots: A case study for the Vietnamese language. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 87, 103322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2019.103322
Tsvilodub, P., Chevalier, E., Klütz, V., Oberbeck, T., Sigetova, K., & Wollatz, F. (2023). Improving a Gamified Language Learning Chatbot Through AI and UX Boosting. The Learning Ideas Conference, 557–569.
Wollny, S., Schneider, J., Di Mitri, D., Weidlich, J., Rittberger, M., & Drachsler, H. (2021). Are we there yet?-A systematic literature review on chatbots in education. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2021.654924
Yang, S., & Evans, C. (2019). Opportunities and challenges in using AI chatbots in higher education. Proceedings of the 2019 3rd International Conference on Education and E-Learning, 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1145/3371647.3371659
Zahour, O., Eddaoui, A., Ouchra, H., & Hourrane, O. (2020). A system for educational and vocational guidance in Morocco: Chatbot E-Orientation. Procedia Computer Science, 175, 554–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.07.079