Main Article Content
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between vocabulary mastery and plagiarism among university students. Conducted at a private university in West Jakarta, Indonesia, it involved 71 students from various majors enrolled in a rhetoric and composition course. Using iThenticate to measure plagiarism and the Vocabulary Levels Test (VLT) to assess vocabulary proficiency, the research found a low average plagiarism rate of 11.56% in the students' essays. The study revealed no significant correlation between vocabulary mastery and the extent of plagiarism. Additionally, no substantial difference was observed in the amount of plagiarized content between students with lower and higher vocabulary proficiency. These findings suggest that vocabulary mastery alone may not be a significant factor in determining plagiarism behaviors, highlighting the multifaceted nature of plagiarism. The study underscores the need for further research into other potential contributors to plagiarism, such as psychological factors and cultural influences, and emphasizes the importance of teaching proper citation practices to combat academic dishonesty.
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Article Details
References
- Adel, G. M. A., & Wang, Y. (2019). Effectiveness Level of Online Plagiarism Detection Tools in Arabic. Internet of Things and Cloud Computing, 7(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.iotcc.20190701.13
- Ahn, S. (2020). Borrowing Words from a Source in Second-Language Writing. Studies in Modern Grammar, 105, 141–165. https://doi.org/10.14342/smog.2020.105.141
- Akbar, A., & Picard, M. (2019). Understanding plagiarism in Indonesia from the lens of plagiarism policy: lessons for universities. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 15(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-019-0044-2
- Alvi, F., Stevenson, M., & Clough, P. (2021). Paraphrase type identification for plagiarism detection using contexts and word embeddings. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00277-8
- Anil, A., Saravanan, A., Singh, S., Shamim, M. A., Tiwari, K., Lal, H., Seshatri, S., Gomaz, S. B., Karat, T. P., Dwivedi, P., Varthya, S. B., Kaur, R. J., Satapathy, P., Padhi, B. K., Gaidhane, S., Patil, M., Khatib, M. N., Barboza, J. J., & Sah, R. (2023). Are paid tools worth the cost? A prospective cross-over study to find the right tool for plagiarism detection. Heliyon, 9(9), e19194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19194
- Ayton, D., Hillman, C., Hatzikiriakidis, K., Tsindos, T., Sadasivan, S., Maloney, S., Bragge, P., Diug, B., & Illic, D. (2022). Why do students plagiarise? Informing higher education teaching and learning policy and practice. Studies in Higher Education, 47(9), 1921–1934. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2021.1985103
- Chien, S.-C. (2014). Cultural Constructions of Plagiarism in Student Writing: Teachers’ Perceptions and Responses. Research in the Teaching of English, 49(2), 120–140. https://doi.org/10.58680/rte201426160
- Cong-Lem, N., Tran, T. N., & Nguyen, T. T. (2024). Academic Integrity In The Age Of Generative AI: Perceptions And Responses Of Vietnamese EFL Teachers. Teaching English With Technology, 2024(1), 28–47. https://doi.org/10.56297/FSYB3031/MXNB7567
- Dodigovic, M., Mlynarski, J., & Wei, R. (2016). Vocabulary Size Assessment as a Predictor of Plagiarism. In C. Gitsaki & C. Coombe (Eds.), Current Issues in Language Evaluation, Assessment and Testing: Research and Practice (pp. 222–235). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322617919
- Doss, D. A., Henley, R., Gokaraju, B., Mcelreath, D., Lackey, H., Hong, Q., & Miller, L. (2016). Assessing Domestic vs. International Student Perceptions and Attitudes of Plagiarism. Journal of International Students, 6(2), 542–565. http://jistudents.org/
- Ehrich, J., Howard, S. J., Mu, C., & Bokosmaty, S. (2016). A comparison of Chinese and Australian university students’ attitudes towards plagiarism. Studies in Higher Education, 41(2), 231–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.927850
- Erguvan, I. D. (2022). An attempt to understand plagiarism in Kuwait through a psychometrically sound instrument. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 18(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-022-00120-1
- Fatimah, F., & Wulandari, I. (2018). Perception of Plagiarism among Students of Higher Education in Indonesia. Alphabet, 1(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.alphabet.2018.01.01.04
- Hartono, D. A., & Prima, S. A. B. (2023). Plagiarism in the Indonesian Higher Education: A Study of Non-English Major Undergraduates. ELTIN Journal: Journal of English Language Teaching in Indonesia, 11(1), 39–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22460/eltin.v11i1.p39-46
- Hopp, C., & Speil, A. (2021). How prevalent is plagiarism among college students? Anonymity preserving evidence from Austrian undergraduates. Accountability in Research, 28(3), 133–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2020.1804880
- Ibrahim, K. (2023). Using AI-based detectors to control AI-assisted plagiarism in ESL writing: “The Terminator Versus the Machines.” Language Testing in Asia, 13(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40468-023-00260-2
- Jereb, E., Perc, M., Lämmlein, B., Jerebic, J., Urh, M., Podbregar, I., & Šprajc, P. (2018). Factors influencing plagiarism in higher education: A comparison of German and Slovene students. PLOS ONE, 13(8), e0202252. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202252
- Kayaoğlu, M. N., Erbay, Ş., Flitner, C., & Saltaş, D. (2016). Examining students’ perceptions of plagiarism: A cross-cultural study at tertiary level. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 40(5), 682–705. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2015.1014320
- Khathayut, P., Walker-Gleaves, C., & Humble, S. (2022). Using the theory of planned behaviour to understand Thai students ’ conceptions of plagiarism within their undergraduate programmes in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 47(2), 394–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1750584
- LaFlair, G. T., Egbert, J., & Plonsky, L. (2015). A Practical Guide to Bootstrapping Descriptive Statistics, Correlations, T Tests, and ANOVAs. In L. Plonsky (Ed.), Advancing Quantitative Methods in Second Language Research (1st ed.). Routledge.
- Larson-Hall, J. (2015). A Guide to Doing Statistics in Second Language Research Using SPSS and R. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315775661
- Lei, J., & Hu, G. (2015). Chinese university EFL teachers’ perceptions of plagiarism. Higher Education, 70(3), 551–565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-014-9855-5
- Mahapatra, S. (2024). Impact of ChatGPT on ESL students’ academic writing skills: a mixed methods intervention study. Smart Learning Environments, 11(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00295-9
- Mireku, D. O., Dzamesi, P. D., & Bervell, B. (2024). Plagiarism in Higher Education (PLAGiHE) within Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review of a decade (2012–2022) literature. Research Ethics, 20(2), 156–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/17470161231189646
- Mohd Habali, A. H., & Fong, L. L. (2016). Plagiarism in Academic Writing Among TESL Postgraduate Students: A Case Study. In 7th International Conference on University Learning and Teaching (InCULT 2014) Proceedings (pp. 729–740). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-664-5_57
- Moss, S. A., White, B., & Lee, J. (2018). A Systematic Review Into the Psychological Causes and Correlates of Plagiarism. Ethics & Behavior, 28(4), 261–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2017.1341837
- Muluk, S., Yanis, F. R., Dahliana, S., & Amiruddin, A. (2021). Scrutinizing EFL students’ plagiarism practice. Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities, 9(1), 145. https://doi.org/10.22373/ej.v9i1.10492
- Nation, P., & Meara, P. (2010). Vocabulary. In N. Schmitt (Ed.), An Introduction to Applied Linguistics (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203783733
- Nketsiah, I., Imoro, O., Barfi, K. A., Amoah, E., & Amenorvi, C. R. (2023). Academic integrity: Do socio-demographic differences in perception and awareness of plagiarism matter? Cogent Education, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2273175
- Nushi, M., & Firoozkohi, A. H. (2017). Plagiarism policies in Iranian university TEFL teachers’ syllabuses: an exploratory study. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 13(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-017-0023-4
- Patak, A. A., Wirawan, H., Abduh, A., Hidayat, R., Iskandar, I., & Dirawan, G. D. (2021). Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Indonesia: University Lecturers’ Views on Plagiarism. Journal of Academic Ethics, 19(4), 571–587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-020-09385-y
- Pecorari, D., & Petrić, B. (2014). Plagiarism in second-language writing. Language Teaching, 47(3), 269–302. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444814000056
- Plonsky, L. (2015). Advancing Quantitative Methods in Second Language Research (L. Plonsky, Ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315870908
- Plonsky, L., Egbert, J., & Laflair, G. T. (2014). Bootstrapping in Applied Linguistics: Assessing its Potential Using Shared Data. Applied Linguistics, 36(5), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amu001
- Ratna, A. A. P., Purnamasari, P. D., Adhi, B. A., Ekadiyanto, F. A., Salman, M., Mardiyah, M., & Winata, D. J. (2017). Cross-Language Plagiarism Detection System Using Latent Semantic Analysis and Learning Vector Quantization. Algorithms, 10(2), 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/a10020069
- Schmitt, N., & Schmitt, D. (2014). A reassessment of frequency and vocabulary size in L2 vocabulary teaching. Language Teaching, 47(4), 484–503. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444812000018
- Schmitt, N., Schmitt, D., & Clapham, C. (2001). Developing and exploring the behaviour of two new versions of the Vocabulary Levels Test. Language Testing, 18(1), 55–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/026553220101800103
- Shang, H.-F. (2019). An investigation of plagiarism software use and awareness training on English as a foreign language (EFL) students. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 31(1), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-018-9193-1
- Shi, L. (2006). Cultural Backgrounds and Textual Appropriation. Language Awareness, 15(4), 264–282. https://doi.org/10.2167/la406.0
- Sulaiman, R. (2018). TYPES AND FACTORS CAUSING PLAGIARISM IN PAPERS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDENTS. Journal of English Education, 3(1), 17–22. https://doi.org/10.31327/jee.v3i1.471
- Tran, M. N., Hogg, L., & Marshall, S. (2022). Understanding postgraduate students’ perceptions of plagiarism: a case study of Vietnamese and local students in New Zealand. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 18(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-021-00098-2
- Tran, U. T., Huynh, T., & Nguyen, H. T. T. (2018). Academic Integrity in Higher Education: The Case of Plagiarism of Graduation Reports by Undergraduate Seniors in Vietnam. Journal of Academic Ethics, 16(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-017-9279-9
- Waltzer, T., & Dahl, A. (2021). Students’ perceptions and evaluations of plagiarism: Effects of text and context. Journal of Moral Education, 50(4), 436–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2020.1787961
- Webb, S., Sasao, Y., & Ballance, O. (2017). The updated Vocabulary Levels Test. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 168(1), 33–69. https://doi.org/10.1075/itl.168.1.02web
- Wilkins, D. A. (1972). Linguistics In Language Teaching. MIT Press.
References
Adel, G. M. A., & Wang, Y. (2019). Effectiveness Level of Online Plagiarism Detection Tools in Arabic. Internet of Things and Cloud Computing, 7(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.iotcc.20190701.13
Ahn, S. (2020). Borrowing Words from a Source in Second-Language Writing. Studies in Modern Grammar, 105, 141–165. https://doi.org/10.14342/smog.2020.105.141
Akbar, A., & Picard, M. (2019). Understanding plagiarism in Indonesia from the lens of plagiarism policy: lessons for universities. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 15(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-019-0044-2
Alvi, F., Stevenson, M., & Clough, P. (2021). Paraphrase type identification for plagiarism detection using contexts and word embeddings. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00277-8
Anil, A., Saravanan, A., Singh, S., Shamim, M. A., Tiwari, K., Lal, H., Seshatri, S., Gomaz, S. B., Karat, T. P., Dwivedi, P., Varthya, S. B., Kaur, R. J., Satapathy, P., Padhi, B. K., Gaidhane, S., Patil, M., Khatib, M. N., Barboza, J. J., & Sah, R. (2023). Are paid tools worth the cost? A prospective cross-over study to find the right tool for plagiarism detection. Heliyon, 9(9), e19194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19194
Ayton, D., Hillman, C., Hatzikiriakidis, K., Tsindos, T., Sadasivan, S., Maloney, S., Bragge, P., Diug, B., & Illic, D. (2022). Why do students plagiarise? Informing higher education teaching and learning policy and practice. Studies in Higher Education, 47(9), 1921–1934. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2021.1985103
Chien, S.-C. (2014). Cultural Constructions of Plagiarism in Student Writing: Teachers’ Perceptions and Responses. Research in the Teaching of English, 49(2), 120–140. https://doi.org/10.58680/rte201426160
Cong-Lem, N., Tran, T. N., & Nguyen, T. T. (2024). Academic Integrity In The Age Of Generative AI: Perceptions And Responses Of Vietnamese EFL Teachers. Teaching English With Technology, 2024(1), 28–47. https://doi.org/10.56297/FSYB3031/MXNB7567
Dodigovic, M., Mlynarski, J., & Wei, R. (2016). Vocabulary Size Assessment as a Predictor of Plagiarism. In C. Gitsaki & C. Coombe (Eds.), Current Issues in Language Evaluation, Assessment and Testing: Research and Practice (pp. 222–235). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322617919
Doss, D. A., Henley, R., Gokaraju, B., Mcelreath, D., Lackey, H., Hong, Q., & Miller, L. (2016). Assessing Domestic vs. International Student Perceptions and Attitudes of Plagiarism. Journal of International Students, 6(2), 542–565. http://jistudents.org/
Ehrich, J., Howard, S. J., Mu, C., & Bokosmaty, S. (2016). A comparison of Chinese and Australian university students’ attitudes towards plagiarism. Studies in Higher Education, 41(2), 231–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.927850
Erguvan, I. D. (2022). An attempt to understand plagiarism in Kuwait through a psychometrically sound instrument. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 18(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-022-00120-1
Fatimah, F., & Wulandari, I. (2018). Perception of Plagiarism among Students of Higher Education in Indonesia. Alphabet, 1(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.alphabet.2018.01.01.04
Hartono, D. A., & Prima, S. A. B. (2023). Plagiarism in the Indonesian Higher Education: A Study of Non-English Major Undergraduates. ELTIN Journal: Journal of English Language Teaching in Indonesia, 11(1), 39–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22460/eltin.v11i1.p39-46
Hopp, C., & Speil, A. (2021). How prevalent is plagiarism among college students? Anonymity preserving evidence from Austrian undergraduates. Accountability in Research, 28(3), 133–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2020.1804880
Ibrahim, K. (2023). Using AI-based detectors to control AI-assisted plagiarism in ESL writing: “The Terminator Versus the Machines.” Language Testing in Asia, 13(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40468-023-00260-2
Jereb, E., Perc, M., Lämmlein, B., Jerebic, J., Urh, M., Podbregar, I., & Šprajc, P. (2018). Factors influencing plagiarism in higher education: A comparison of German and Slovene students. PLOS ONE, 13(8), e0202252. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202252
Kayaoğlu, M. N., Erbay, Ş., Flitner, C., & Saltaş, D. (2016). Examining students’ perceptions of plagiarism: A cross-cultural study at tertiary level. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 40(5), 682–705. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2015.1014320
Khathayut, P., Walker-Gleaves, C., & Humble, S. (2022). Using the theory of planned behaviour to understand Thai students ’ conceptions of plagiarism within their undergraduate programmes in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 47(2), 394–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1750584
LaFlair, G. T., Egbert, J., & Plonsky, L. (2015). A Practical Guide to Bootstrapping Descriptive Statistics, Correlations, T Tests, and ANOVAs. In L. Plonsky (Ed.), Advancing Quantitative Methods in Second Language Research (1st ed.). Routledge.
Larson-Hall, J. (2015). A Guide to Doing Statistics in Second Language Research Using SPSS and R. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315775661
Lei, J., & Hu, G. (2015). Chinese university EFL teachers’ perceptions of plagiarism. Higher Education, 70(3), 551–565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-014-9855-5
Mahapatra, S. (2024). Impact of ChatGPT on ESL students’ academic writing skills: a mixed methods intervention study. Smart Learning Environments, 11(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00295-9
Mireku, D. O., Dzamesi, P. D., & Bervell, B. (2024). Plagiarism in Higher Education (PLAGiHE) within Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review of a decade (2012–2022) literature. Research Ethics, 20(2), 156–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/17470161231189646
Mohd Habali, A. H., & Fong, L. L. (2016). Plagiarism in Academic Writing Among TESL Postgraduate Students: A Case Study. In 7th International Conference on University Learning and Teaching (InCULT 2014) Proceedings (pp. 729–740). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-664-5_57
Moss, S. A., White, B., & Lee, J. (2018). A Systematic Review Into the Psychological Causes and Correlates of Plagiarism. Ethics & Behavior, 28(4), 261–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2017.1341837
Muluk, S., Yanis, F. R., Dahliana, S., & Amiruddin, A. (2021). Scrutinizing EFL students’ plagiarism practice. Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities, 9(1), 145. https://doi.org/10.22373/ej.v9i1.10492
Nation, P., & Meara, P. (2010). Vocabulary. In N. Schmitt (Ed.), An Introduction to Applied Linguistics (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203783733
Nketsiah, I., Imoro, O., Barfi, K. A., Amoah, E., & Amenorvi, C. R. (2023). Academic integrity: Do socio-demographic differences in perception and awareness of plagiarism matter? Cogent Education, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2273175
Nushi, M., & Firoozkohi, A. H. (2017). Plagiarism policies in Iranian university TEFL teachers’ syllabuses: an exploratory study. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 13(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-017-0023-4
Patak, A. A., Wirawan, H., Abduh, A., Hidayat, R., Iskandar, I., & Dirawan, G. D. (2021). Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Indonesia: University Lecturers’ Views on Plagiarism. Journal of Academic Ethics, 19(4), 571–587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-020-09385-y
Pecorari, D., & Petrić, B. (2014). Plagiarism in second-language writing. Language Teaching, 47(3), 269–302. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444814000056
Plonsky, L. (2015). Advancing Quantitative Methods in Second Language Research (L. Plonsky, Ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315870908
Plonsky, L., Egbert, J., & Laflair, G. T. (2014). Bootstrapping in Applied Linguistics: Assessing its Potential Using Shared Data. Applied Linguistics, 36(5), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amu001
Ratna, A. A. P., Purnamasari, P. D., Adhi, B. A., Ekadiyanto, F. A., Salman, M., Mardiyah, M., & Winata, D. J. (2017). Cross-Language Plagiarism Detection System Using Latent Semantic Analysis and Learning Vector Quantization. Algorithms, 10(2), 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/a10020069
Schmitt, N., & Schmitt, D. (2014). A reassessment of frequency and vocabulary size in L2 vocabulary teaching. Language Teaching, 47(4), 484–503. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444812000018
Schmitt, N., Schmitt, D., & Clapham, C. (2001). Developing and exploring the behaviour of two new versions of the Vocabulary Levels Test. Language Testing, 18(1), 55–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/026553220101800103
Shang, H.-F. (2019). An investigation of plagiarism software use and awareness training on English as a foreign language (EFL) students. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 31(1), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-018-9193-1
Shi, L. (2006). Cultural Backgrounds and Textual Appropriation. Language Awareness, 15(4), 264–282. https://doi.org/10.2167/la406.0
Sulaiman, R. (2018). TYPES AND FACTORS CAUSING PLAGIARISM IN PAPERS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDENTS. Journal of English Education, 3(1), 17–22. https://doi.org/10.31327/jee.v3i1.471
Tran, M. N., Hogg, L., & Marshall, S. (2022). Understanding postgraduate students’ perceptions of plagiarism: a case study of Vietnamese and local students in New Zealand. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 18(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-021-00098-2
Tran, U. T., Huynh, T., & Nguyen, H. T. T. (2018). Academic Integrity in Higher Education: The Case of Plagiarism of Graduation Reports by Undergraduate Seniors in Vietnam. Journal of Academic Ethics, 16(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-017-9279-9
Waltzer, T., & Dahl, A. (2021). Students’ perceptions and evaluations of plagiarism: Effects of text and context. Journal of Moral Education, 50(4), 436–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2020.1787961
Webb, S., Sasao, Y., & Ballance, O. (2017). The updated Vocabulary Levels Test. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 168(1), 33–69. https://doi.org/10.1075/itl.168.1.02web
Wilkins, D. A. (1972). Linguistics In Language Teaching. MIT Press.